Asynchronous Stochastic Approximations With Asymptotically Biased Errors and Deep Multiagent Learning.

Asynchronous stochastic approximations (SAs) are an important class of model-free algorithms, tools, and techniques that are popular in multiagent and distributed control scenarios. To counter Bellman's curse of dimensionality, such algorithms are coupled with function approximations. Although the learning/control problem becomes more tractable, function approximations affect stability and convergence. In this article, we present verifiable sufficient conditions for stability and convergence of asynchronous SAs with biased approximation errors. The theory developed herein is used to analyze policy gradient methods and noisy value iteration schemes. Specifically, we analyze the asynchronous approximate counterparts of the policy gradient (A2PG) and value iteration (A2VI) schemes. It is shown that the stability of these algorithms is unaffected by biased approximation errors, provided that they are asymptotically bounded. With respect to convergence (of A2VI and A2PG), a relationship between the limiting set and the approximation errors is established. Finally, experimental results that support the theory are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]