Multi-scale particles optimization for some rheological properties of Eco-SCC: Modelling and experimental study.

• Multi-scale solid particles optimization for Eco-SCC was developed by DEM simulation. • DEM models gave insights into interactions among aggregates with different gradation. • The flow behavior and continuous motion traces of fresh Eco-SCC could be presented. • Optimized Eco-SCC showed lower environmental loads than normal SCC mixtures. The development of mix design method for low-binder ecologically-friendly self-compacting concrete (Eco-SCC) has attracted interest in recent years. Most studies investigated this topic by evaluating mixtures with various ingredient proportions experimentally and then establish empirical correlations. This research attempts to take the first step towards a novel numerical discrete element method (DEM) simulation to optimize multi-scale particles size distribution of Eco-SCC at a constant mixing proportion. The two-phase DEM model was generated as an assembly of hard core with soft shell based on the thickness of mortar layer covering gravels and rheological behavior of suspending mortar, to characterize fresh properties of Eco-SCC. The rolling resistance standard contact model was adopted for simulating fresh mortar matrix lacking in excess paste. It was found that the blended cementitious powders closer to Fuller ideal curve and the aggregates gradation with higher fractal dimension were beneficial to the flowability of mixture. However, potential negative impacts on stability or passing ability of Eco-SCC might also be induced by an overmuch incorporation of slag or a higher portion of large-size gravel. The numerical results not only showed good agreements with experimental verifications (deviations lower than 7% for flow spread prediction), but also provided insights into the interactions among particles along with their continuous motion traces. Thereby, DEM modelling can be used as an efficient tool to reveal the influential mechanism of aggregates on fresh Eco-SCC and attain a general improvement in rheological performance via multi-scale particles optimization, with the measured slump flow increasing from 510 mm to 730 mm (by 43.1% at most) in this study. The eventually optimized Eco-SCC mix can be obtained with slump flow at 670 mm, V-funnel time at 4.1 s, J-ring spread at 635 mm, VSI = 0, and the cost intensity of 7.09 CNY·m−3·MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]