The TGF‐β‐Th2 axis: A new target for cancer therapy?

Keywords: cancer; hypoxia; IL-4; TGF- ; type 2 immunity EN cancer hypoxia IL-4 TGF- type 2 immunity 3563 3565 3 11/01/21 20211101 NES 211101 Abbreviations CAR chimeric antigen receptor CTL-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition IL interleukin IT immunotherapy PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1 PD-L1 programmed cell death ligand 1 TGF- transforming growth factor TGFR2 TGF- receptor 2 Th T helper cell The innate and adaptive immune responses are critical for the recognition and removal of pathogens. Cancer IT, that seizes the patient's immune system to fight against cancer, has become a pivotal strategy for cancer treatment. Moreover, in the last two decades, it has been demonstrated that immune cells are also key cells in the cancer-related immune response.1 Ideally, the immune system should eradicate the tumor cells to maintain homeostasis. [Extracted from the article]