Evolution of coke structures during electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil.

The electrochemical method has emerged as a novel option for bio-oil upgrading due to the advantages of having mild reaction conditions, control convenience and carbon neutrality. Bio-oil is easy to form coke even at low current densities during electrochemical upgrades of bio-oil. Unveiling the coke evolution during the electrochemical processing of bio-oil is essential to enable both oil-to-material and oil-to-fuel strategies. Here, we investigate the coke formation behaviors during the electrochemical processing of bio-oil. The coke comes primarily from the polymerization of aromatic components. The reaction time and current density have a promoting effect on the coke yields. The current density has an accelerating influence on the morphological evolution of the coke. The O-containing groups increases slightly with the increasing reaction time and current density. The large to small ring ratio of the coke is similar under different reaction time and current densities. The potential applications as carbon materials of the coke formed from bio-oil via electrochemical polymerization are discussed based on its physical morphology and chemical structure. [Display omitted] • Coke yields increase with the increasing reaction time and current density. • Coke typically contains small aromatic clusters connected by ether and C-C bonds. • Time and current density slightly affect chemical structural evolution of the coke. • Increasing current density accelerates morphological evolution of the coke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]