Setting the wheels in motion: Re-examining ceramic forming techniques in Indus Civilisation villages in northwest India.

• The ways of use of the potter's wheel by Indus communities is unclear. • Manufacturing processes include combination of techniques, e.g. coiling, scraping. • No evidence was found for the use of wheel-throwing techniques in Indus villages. • Multiple manufacturing traditions and communities of producers coexisted. • Groups of producers shared some traits and values but were distinct from each other. The invention of rotational devices contributed to a range of developments in craft production technology, perhaps most visibly in the various forms of potter's wheels. These technological innovations, and the adoption or non-adoption of those innovations, carry economic and social implications, which are significant for understanding past human behaviour. There has been debate around the introduction and use of the potter's wheel in South Asia's Indus Civilisation for almost a century, and opinions remain divided. This paper considers the emerging ceramic traditions identified at two Indus settlements in modern Haryana, northwest India. It presents evidence demonstrating that Indus Civilisation potters utilised multiple forming techniques for producing ceramic vessels and explores the evidence for the use of rotational gestures and rotational devices in regional ceramic production industries. Two dominant technological traditions are outlined, along with the implications of this discovery and future research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]