Was trade openness with China an initial driver of cross-country human coronavirus infections?

Purpose: This paper aims to consider if an initial driver of the cross-country global coronavirus pandemic was trade openness with China. Design/methodology/approach: The authors estimate simple, seemingly unrelated and zero-inflated count data specifications of a gravity model of trade between China and its trading partners, where the number of human coronavirus infections in a country is a function of the number of distinct good/services exported and imported from China. Findings: Parameter estimates reveal that the number of early cross-country human coronavirus infections increased with respect to trade openness with China, as measured by the number of distinct Chinese exported and imported goods/services, and can account for approximately 24% of early infections among China's trading partners. The findings suggest that one of the costs of trade openness and globalization is that they can be a driver of cross-country human disease pandemics. Originality/value: This inquiry constitutes a first approach at embedding the possible disease pandemic costs of free trade, trade openness and globalization within a trade gravity model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]