Orbital apex syndrome on initial presentation of giant cell arteritis: a case report and review of the literature.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory vascular syndrome that is characterized by cranial and/or large vessel vasculitis, causing stenoses and aneurysms of affected vessels ([1]). We report our experience with a GCA patient with visual deterioration due to orbital apex syndrome, a rare complication of GCA. Presumably, GCA with orbital apex syndrome is included in the latter group; the pathological findings would differ from GCA with PMR. [Extracted from the article]