An organizational framework for effective conservation organizations.

There is a scarcity of studies on how to design conservation organizations to improve biodiversity outcomes. We use information from four conservation organizations (African Parks, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, and Rewilding Argentina) to update and describe an organizational framework for effective conservation organizations. This framework includes (1) clear and shared proactive vision inspired by innovative on-site senior leadership; (2) high contextuality based on shared leadership, on-the-ground administrative autonomy, and practice-based learning; (3) outstanding and well-communicated conservation outcomes; (4) linkages across-scales to access varied types of resources (i.e. political, social and economic); and (5) long-term financial viability. All these attributes form a dynamic and self-reinforcing "virtuous cycle," with each attribute being both cause and effect at different moments in time, though the whole process is jump-started by on-site senior leaders. We believe that our framework can help to identify key questions that will facilitate the design and assessment of private and public conservation organizations towards improved effectiveness. • We describe an organizational framework for effective conservation organizations. • This framework is exemplified by four conservation organizations working in very different contexts. • We highlight leadership, administrative autonomy, practice-based learning, communication, and cross-scale linkages.administrative autonomy, practice-based learning, communication, and cross-scale linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]