The Earth system model CLIMBER-X v1.0. Part 1: climate model description and validation.

The newly developed fast Earth system model CLIMBER-X is presented. The climate component of CLIMBER-X consists of a 2.5D semi-empirical statistical-dynamical atmosphere model, a 3D frictional-geostrophic ocean model, a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model and a land surface model. All model components are discretized on a regular lat-lon grid with a horizontal resolution of 5° × 5°. The model has a throughput of ~10,000 simulation years per day on a single node with 16 CPUs on a high performance computer and is designed to simulate the evolution of the Earth system on temporal scales ranging from decades to > 100,000 years. A comprehensive evaluation of the model performance for present day and the historical period shows that CLIMBER-X is capable of realistically reproducing many observed climate characteristics, with results that generally lie within the range of state-of-the-art general circulation models. The analysis of model performance is complemented by a thorough assessment of climate feedbacks and model sensitivities to changes in external forcings and boundary conditions. CLIMBER-X also includes a detailed representation of the global carbon cycle and is coupled to an ice sheet model, which will be described in separate papers. CLIMBER-X is available as open--source code and is expected to be a useful tool for studying past climate changes and for the investigation of the long-term future evolution of the climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]