Neutrophil extracellular traps in giant cell arteritis biopsies: presentation, localization and co-expression with inflammatory cytokines.

Objectives To explore the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in inflamed temporal artery biopsies (TABs) of patients with GCA. Methods Ten patients with GCA [five with limited and five with associated generalized vascular involvement, as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET with CT (PET/CT)] and eight with PMR were studied. The presence, location, quantitation and decoration of NETs with IL-6, IL-1β and IL-17A were assessed in TABs at the time of disease diagnosis by tissue immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Paired serum levels of IL-6 and IL-17A were also evaluated in all patients. Results All temporal artery biopsies from GCA, but not PMR, patients had NETs located mainly in the adventitia, adjacent to the vasa vasorum. NETs decorated with IL-6 were present in 8/10 TABs of GCA patients, of whom 5 were PET/CT(+) and 3 PET/CT(–) patients. IL-17A(+) NETs were observed in all GCA patients. IL-1β(+) NETs were not detected in any GCA patient. No relation was found between serum IL-6 and IL-17A levels and NETs containing IL-6 and/or IL-17A. Conclusions NETs bearing pro-inflammatory cytokines are present in inflamed GCA-TABs. Future studies with a larger number of patients from different centres will show whether the findings regarding neutrophils/NETs in the TAB are consistent and disclose their clinical impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]