Pain feedback interferes with reward positivity production.

The reinforcement learning (RL) theory of the reward positivity (RewP) proposes that RewP indexes a reward prediction error (RPE) signal processed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). According to this theory, RewP is an event‐related potential (ERP) that is more positive‐going for feedback stimuli that predict better‐than‐expected outcomes (positive feedback) than for feedback stimuli that predict worse‐than‐expected outcomes (negative feedback). Despite strong evidence for this hypothesis, findings have been equivocal for tasks involving painful outcomes. We hypothesized that the RewP is modulated by high‐level task goals such that outcomes that are congruent with the goals elicit positive RPEs even if their immediate consequences are negative. Accordingly, changes in high‐level task goals should modulate RewP amplitude for tasks that involve seeking pain compared to tasks that involve avoiding pain. We recorded the electroencephalogram from participants who were instructed to navigate a virtual T‐Maze to find reward‐predictive feedback in a reward condition and pain‐predictive feedback in a pain condition. We expected more positive‐going ERPs to reward feedback in the reward condition and more positive‐going ERPs to pain feedback in the pain condition. Despite behavioral results indicating that participants complied with task instructions, contrary to our predictions, we did not find a RewP to pain feedback. We suggest that pain feedback interfered with the effect of high‐level task goals on RewP amplitude, which is indicative of conflict at different levels of task hierarchy. Competing accounts of the reward positivity (RewP), an event‐related potential component elicited by feedback in reinforcement learning tasks, alternatively relate the RewP to a reward prediction error signal or to a salience prediction error signal. We looked at the effect of task instructions on the RewP in conditions involving reward feedback and pain feedback and found support for neither account. These discrepancies could be due to conflict between different levels of task hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]