Functioning of glacierized catchments in Monsoon and Alpine regimes of Himalaya.

• More negative glacier-wide mass balance corresponds to higher catchment-wide runoff and vice versa. • Hydrology is dominated by precipitation in Monsoon catchment regime and by glacier mass balance in Alpine catchment regime. • Glacier buffer system is more critical in Alpine catchment regime than Monsoon catchment regime. Glacier mass balance (MB) and runoff relationship is poorly explored in the Himalaya due to limited in-situ data. A simplified glacio-hydrological model is used to reconstruct the long-term MB and runoff on Dokriani Bamak Glacier (DBG) in the Monsoon regime and Chhota Shigri Glacier (CSG) catchments in the Alpine regime of the Himalaya. Since 1950, DBG and CSG show limited mass wastage with mean annual glacier-wide MB of – 0.09 ± 0.35 m w.e. a−1 and – 0.12 ± 0.28 m w.e. a−1, respectively. The mean annual catchment-wide runoff are also almost similar 0.13 ± 0.01 106 m3 a−1 and 0.14 ± 0.01 106 m3 a−1 from DBG and CSG catchments, respectively over 1950–2020. Available in-situ short-term MB and runoff data from eight glacierized catchments do not show any significant MB-runoff relationship, except for CSG. The long-term modelled MB and runoff data on both DBG and CSG catchments suggest that the higher catchment-wide runoff corresponds to more negative MB, and vice versa. This is in contrast to the previously suggested MB-runoff relationship on DBG catchment. Present detailed analysis also indicates that the hydrology of the DBG catchment is mainly dominated by the summer precipitation, while in CSG catchment, it is mainly controlled by the glacier-wide annual MB. In dry years, the corresponding negative annual MB on both the glaciers provides additional glacier-degraded runoff to the catchment streams that can be as high as 13% and 38% of total runoff on DBG and CSG catchments, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]