Endoscopic trans-nasal repair of basal encephalocele associated with morning glory syndrome.

Encephaloceles are congenital anomalies in which the central nervous system (CNS) structures herniate through a defect in the skull, which is not a rare condition with an incidence of 1 in every 3,000-5,000 live births. The management of skull base defects has improved over the last two decades with the advanced endoscopic techniques and high resolution imaging modalities allowing less invasive surgical intervention and avoiding the risks of craniotomy. Common clinical presentation includes ophthalmologic findings such as optic nerve anomalies in association with feeding or breathing difficulties that should alert physicians to the possible presence of an unrecognized skull base midline defect and encephalocele even before they observe a CSF leak. [Extracted from the article]