Autocracy and human capital.

• We investigate the effect of human capital formation on authoritarian survival. • Government expenditure of education reduces the probability of regime breakdown in dictatorships. • In non-democratic East Asian countries, citizens with more formal education perceived greater social mobility than less educated citizens. • Citizens perceiving higher social mobility are less likely to demand political freedom. This paper examines the logic of human capital formation in authoritarian regimes based on theories of inequality and regime transition and the prospect of upward mobility model. Our central argument is that by investing in human capital, dictators can boost citizens' perceived levels of social mobility. Consequently, dictators can preemptively ameliorate the pressure for redistribution from the poor and neutralize threats from the masses. In other words, dictators invest in human capital as a way of increasing citizens' perceived social mobility and thus sustaining political stability in their authoritarian regimes. Our cross-national analysis covers more than 80 authoritarian regimes from 1970 to 2010 and shows that higher levels of education spending are associated with a lower probability of regime breakdown in autocracies. We further use a causal mediation analysis with the Asian Barometer Survey data and connect our causal link from human capital formation to perceived social mobility and then to authoritarian regime support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]