CONTEMPORARY NORMS FOR THE WIGGINS CONTENT SCALES: A 45-YEAR UPDATE.

The article focuses on contemporary norms for the Wiggins content scales (WCS) which continues to be popular among clinicians. However, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile patterns across the basic scales have shown significant changes since its interception in 1937. MMPI, at the time it was formulated, was intended to be an aid to the physicians of that era, who had estimated that from 30 percent to 70 percent of their patients had psychological factors that were of significance in the presenting medical complaint. Items that compose the basic clinical scales of the MMPI were selected primarily by empirical means.