Integration of conventional and customized bus services: An empirical study in Beijing.

In recent years, customized bus (CB) service has become an innovative model for public transportation in China. Its ability to provide advanced, timely, personalized, and flexible service has made it very popular. However, previous studies have ignored its diversion effect: How can CB service help conventional buses reduce on-board crowding during rush hours? In this paper, we optimize conventional and CB buses as a whole based on an empirical study in Beijing. We propose a new model to compare the cost of single conventional buses (Single Con) and the integration of conventional and customized buses (Con+ CB). Passenger diversions from conventional buses to CB ones are specifically considered. To do this we explicitly measure the on-board crowding cost of conventional buses by load factor and distance factor. Real-world data from Beijing, China, are employed to assess the model. We obtained the departure arrangements and the corresponding costs under different demand cases. The results are analyzed and compared. Sensitivity analyses are then conducted to study the effects of line-haul distance and load factor on cost. The results show that (1) adding new modes of transportation does not always significantly reduce the total cost of bus service; (2) CB buses can effectively ease congestion on conventional buses only at high demand densities but not at low densities; (3) crowding cost increases caused by the distance factor far exceed those caused by the load factor. • Explicitly measure crowding cost of conventional buses. • Propose cost models of Single Con buses and integration of Con+ CB buses. • Employ the real-world data in Beijing to assess the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]