"Non-Action" and "Assistance": Laozi's Thoughts on How to Treat Others.

How to treat others is a key topic in Laozi's thought. Laozi not only advocates "non-action" (wuwei 無爲), or not interfering with others, but also hopes that actors will take some positive responsibilities for others. He expects that actors can implement the instructions of Dao 道 and fulfill the role of "assisting others to achieve their self-so-ness but not daring to interfere" (chapter 64). He believes that "one person will become more abundant when he contributes to others" (chapter 81); that is to say, actors and others are always in the process of mutual attainment. What he claims can be summarized by the dual assertion "to do V1, but not to do V2" (V means a type of action), containing two kinds of responsibilities: the situations represented by "not to do V2" are concrete manifestations of "non-action," which refers to the negative responsibility of non-interference with others, while the situations signified by "to do V1" are essentially a kind of action of assisting others, which is a positive responsibility for others. There is a subtle cooperative relationship between "assistance" and "non-action." In a nutshell, what Laozi expects is a responsibility to support others to actualize their authentic self on the premise of earnestly respecting the spontaneity and autonomy of others. When the focus on "non-action" is broken through, we can grasp Laozi's thinking deeply and expand our understanding of his thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]