Calibration-free approach to reactive real-time control of stormwater storages.

• The novel target flow control (TFC) approach for the real-time control (RTC) of stormwater storages is proposed. • The TFC approach does not require calibration. • The approach achieves target flows for a wide range of rainfall events with minor errors. • The approach is practical as it only requires real-time storage level information. Stormwater systems will likely require major upgrades due to increases in peak flows caused by the combined effects of urbanization, densification (urban infill) and climate change. Recently, the real-time control (RTC) of storages has been considered as a means to reduce peak flows and potentially avoid major infrastructure upgrades. This paper introduces a RTC approach, the Target Flow Control (TFC) approach, which is able to maintain system outflows at or below specified target flows (e.g., existing system capacity). The key features of the approach are that it does not require calibration to catchment specific data, as is the case for existing approaches and is only based on storage level information measured in real-time during rainfall events. This makes the approach generally applicable to different catchments and able to respond to future changes in rainfall due to land use and/or climate change. The TFC approach is tested on a simple two-storage system for 750 design rainfall events from a range of climates, event durations, rainfall intensities and temporal patterns using a practically achievable control time step of 30 s. Results show that the TFC approach can achieve the desired target flows effectively, with 95% of the experiments having less than 10% errors in target flows. This is an exciting achievement, given the TFC approach does not require calibration and only requires measurable storage level information. The outcomes highlight the potential of the TFC approach as a practical RTC approach that can maximize the effectiveness of existing stormwater conveyance systems by maintaining stormwater system outflows at desired target flows, thereby potentially avoiding stormwater infrastructure upgrades due to land use and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]