Development and validation of a model for mitigating particulate fouling in ultrafiltration using water-hammer.

Membrane fouling is an endemic problem in ultrafiltration used for many applications. Recently water-hammer pulsing has been shown to reduce membrane fouling. Rapid solenoid-valve closure on the retentate or permeate side of a membrane generates a pressure front that propagates and reflects at the system boundaries at the speed-of-sound. However, the mechanism whereby this mitigation occurs is not well-understood. A predictive model is developed for mitigating fouling using pulsed solenoid-valve closure in the ultrafiltration of particulates. The model assumes the boundary-layer flow that develops after the first pressure-front reflection at the upstream boundary causes an enhanced shear stress on the fouled membrane. This increased shear stress typically occurs for less than 0.01 s during each solenoid-valve closure that occurs once every several seconds. However, it has a significant effect on removing the fouling deposits because it is orders-of-magnitude larger than the shear stress of the steady state crossflow velocity. This model correlates with a Coefficient-of-Determination of 0.997 the fractional flux increase for 44 experiments spanning a range of fluxes, foulant concentrations, pressures, and solenoid-valve-closure frequencies for an aqueous whey-protein feed. The fractional flux increase was 10.7%–124% and averaged 51.2%. However, the model indicates that considerably higher flux increases are possible. Predicted fractional permeation flux increase (J ′‒ J)/ J as a function of αf / J for mitigating membrane fouling in the ultrafiltration of an aqueous whey-protein feed using water hammer; J ′ and J are the permeation fluxes in the presence and absence of water hammer, respectively, f is the solenoid-valve closure frequency, and α is a semiempirical parameter. [Display omitted] • Pulsed solenoid-valve closure can increase UF flux in the presence of fouling by as much as 124%. • Mechanism proposed for mitigation of particulate membrane fouling in the presence of water hammer. • Boundary layer generated by pressure-front reflection causes high shear stress that mitigates fouling. • Predictive model advanced that incorporates effects of flux, valve-closure frequency, pressure, and concentration. • Model correlates 44 data with CoD of 0.997 for UF concentration of aqueous whey-protein feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]