The Two Schools of American Political Development.

Political scientists working in the area of American Political Development (APD) focus on America?s political history with the goal of explaining why the nation?s often peculiar collection of institutions and policies grew the way they have. Two primary approaches or schools of inquiry shape much APD scholarship, though a great deal of very fine work falls outside of them. Historical institutionalists study actors pursuing interests through a political arena bounded by institutions. Ideational scholars, by contrast, seek to understand how norms, narratives, and outlooks influence the framing of debates and their outcomes. Although there are exceptions, especially at the margins, each of the two schools is marked by a general outlook. Previous discussions of the two schools have focused on the place of culture and ideas in relation to institutions. I argue that the two schools split along more fundamental lines, and suggest that the crucial distinction between them centers on the nature of causation and on an often-unstated understanding of what political development is. By mapping out the theoretical underpinnings of each, we can introduce APD?s methods to researchers outside the subfield, and also ask how they might be drawn together for even more powerful inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]