Bio-inspired sustainable synthesis of novel SnS2/biochar nanocomposite for adsorption coupled photodegradation of amoxicillin and congo red: Effects of reaction parameters, and water matrices.

This study aims to fabricate a novel integrated photocatalytic adsorbent (IPA) via a green solvothermal process employing tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) leaf extract as a stabilizing and capping agent for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. An n-type semiconductor photocatalyst, SnS 2, was chosen as a photocatalyst due to its remarkable photocatalytic activity supported over areca nut (Areca catechu) biochar for the adsorption of pollutants. The adsorption and photocatalytic properties of fabricated IPA were examined by taking amoxicillin (AM) and congo red (CR) as two emerging pollutants found in wastewater. Investigating synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic properties under varying reaction conditions mimicking actual wastewater conditions marks the novelty of the present research. The support of biochar for the SnS 2 thin films induced a reduction in charge recombination rate, which enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the material. The adsorption data were in accordance with the Langmuir nonlinear isotherm model, indicating monolayer chemosorption with the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The photodegradation process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with the highest rate constant of 0.0450 min−1 for AM and 0.0454 min−1 for CR. The overall removal efficiency of 93.72 ± 1.19% and 98.43 ± 1.53% could be achieved within 90 min for AM and CR via simultaneous adsorption and photodegradation model. A plausible mechanism of synergistic adsorption and photodegradation of pollutants is also presented. The effect of pH, Humic acid (HA) concentration, inorganic salts and water matrices have also been included.The photodegradation activity of SnS 2 under visible light coupled with the adsorption capability of the biochar results in the excellent removal of the contaminants from the liquid phase. [Display omitted] • An integrated photocatalytic adsorbent was prepared from SnS 2 thin film and biochar. • SnS 2 thin films of larger size have been grown over biochar surface. • A green synthesis route has been employed for the fabrication of IPA. • The prepared IPA showed enhanced removal of amoxicillin and congo red. • Overall removal efficiency >90% could be achieved within 90 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]