Incorporating the human factor in modeling the operational resilience of interdependent infrastructure systems.

The human factor of critical infrastructure systems (CISs), which refers to the impact of various human characteristics on system operations and management, is a significant contributor to failures in CISs. Advanced techniques for simulating the dynamic influence between the human and technical aspects of CISs are needed for understanding the evolution of man-made disasters in CISs and proposing measures for improving CISs reliability and resilience. Hence, this paper proposes a high-level architecture (HLA) based framework for co-simulating CISs domain-specific models and human performance models and analyzing dynamic human-system interactions. A case study demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed framework in simulating complex feedback loops between the operator performance and system states. The proposed framework is valuable for CISs managers in identifying potential human-related failure points in the systems and making informed decisions to mitigate them. Moreover, future research can leverage the proposed framework for improving the resilience assessment of CISs. • An HLA-based framework for modeling infrastructure systems operations is proposed. • The framework incorporates human factor using dynamic human performance models. • Dynamic performance shaping factors are adjusted based on systems states. • Effect of continuous working hours on human reliability is modeled and assessed. • The occurrence and propagation of system failures due to human error are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]