Error‐related brain activity: A time‐domain and time‐frequency investigation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Increased error‐related negativity (ERN), a measure of error monitoring, has been suggested as a biomarker of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Additional insight into error monitoring is possible using time‐frequency decomposition of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, as it allows disentangling the brain's parallel processing of information. Greater error‐related theta is thought to reflect an error detection signal, while delta activity may reflect more elaborative post‐detection processes (i.e., strategic adjustments). Recent investigations show that decreased error‐related alpha may index attentional engagement following errors; additionally, increases and decreases in error‐related beta could reflect motor inhibition and motor preparation, respectively. However, time‐frequency dynamics of error monitoring in OCD are largely unknown. The present study examined time‐frequency theta, delta, alpha and beta power in early adolescents with OCD using a data‐driven, cluster‐based approach. The aim was to explore electrocortical measures of error monitoring in early adolescents with (n = 27, 15 females) and without OCD (n = 27, 14 females) during an arrowhead version of the flanker task while EEG activity was recorded. Results indicated that the OCD group was characterized by increased ERN and error‐related theta, as well as reduced error‐related beta power decrease (i.e., greater power) compared to participants without OCD. Greater error‐related beta explained variance in OCD over and above the ERN and error‐related theta. By examining separate time‐frequency measures, the present study provides novel insights into the dynamics of error monitoring, suggesting that pediatric OCD may be characterized by enhanced error monitoring (i.e., greater theta power) and post‐error inhibition (i.e., reduced beta power decrease). The present study provided novel insights into the dynamics of error monitoring by capitalizing on both event‐related potentials and time‐frequency measures. The results suggest that pediatric OCD may be characterized by enhanced error monitoring (i.e., greater ERN and theta power) and post‐error inhibition, and reduced motor preparation (i.e., reduced beta power decrease). Overall, these results are promising as examining error‐related time‐frequency measures could enhance clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]