Retailer energy management of electric energy by combining demand response and hydrogen storage systems, renewable sources and electric vehicles.

The increasing pollution caused by conventional cars and the problems caused by the use of fossil fuels have drawn the attention of researchers and manufacturers to the design of cars that use clean fuels. Electric vehicles connected to the network have a significant impact on reducing environmental pollution and transportation costs, especially in big cities. The cost of supplying loads to subscribers in the distribution network also includes generation and transmission costs. These costs are directly related to the intelligence of the distribution network and the total amount of energy of electric vehicles. The contribution of each generation unit and each transmission line must be calculated to determine the generation and transmission costs. In this research, in order to maximize the profit of the parking lot owner, improve voltage drop and load factor, a comprehensive framework for optimal energy management in a parking lot is presented, which can provide a method to control the charging of electric vehicles, in addition to meeting the needs of their owners, only as a series of controllable loads that they need to receive electrical energy to charge their batteries. In the next step, considering the inherent characteristic of electric cars, i.e. having a battery, and looking at them as a series of storage resources that can return the electric energy in their battery to the grid if necessary, a method to simultaneously control their charging and discharging is provided. In the final step of the paper, it is assumed that hydrogen storage systems will also enter the circuit, and thus, a comprehensive method for energy management is proposed. Finally, the linearized model of demand response and the proposed scheme along with the modeling of hydrogen storage and electric vehicles are considered to be part of contribution to improve the operation and economic situation of the network. • In practice, the high cost that battery depreciation imposes on car owners when using the V2G feature makes the use of this feature not economically justified. • A comprehensive framework for optimal energy management in a parking lot with the aim of maximizing the profit of the parking lot owner, improving the voltage drop and network power factor is provided. • The proposed method for energy management in the presence of hydrogenous storage systems was applied in a sample parking lot and how it works. • Considering the hydrogenous storage systems, while significantly increasing the profit of the parking lot owner, it also significantly reduces the power received from the network during the peak hours of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]