Some Properties of Double Domination in Vague Graphs with an Application.

This paper is devoted to the study of the double domination in vague graphs, and it is a contribution to the Special Issue "Advances in graph theory and Symmetry/Asymmetry" of Symmetry. Symmetry is one of the most important criteria that illustrate the structure and properties of fuzzy graphs. It has many applications in dominating sets and helps find a suitable place for construction. Vague graphs (VGs), which are a family of fuzzy graphs (FGs), are a well-organized and useful tool for capturing and resolving a range of real-world scenarios involving ambiguous data. In the graph theory, a dominating set (DS) for a graph G * = (X , E) is a subset D of the vertices X so that every vertex which is not in D is adjacent to at least one member of D. The subject of energy in graph theory is one of the most attractive topics serving a very important role in biological and chemical sciences. Hence, in this work, we express the notion of energy on a dominating vague graph (DVG) and also use the concept of energy in modeling problems related to DVGs. Moreover, we introduce a new notion of a double dominating vague graph (DDVG) and provide some examples to explain various concepts introduced. Finally, we present an application of energy on DVGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]