Isolation, structural features, rheological properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Lignosus rhinocerotis: A review.

L. rhinocerotis , an edible and medicinal mushroom, has long been utilized as folk medicine and nutritional food in Southeast Asia and southern China. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive substances of L. rhinocerotis sclerotia, and they have attracted extensive attention of researchers both at home and abroad. In the past few decades, various methods have been applied to extract polysaccharides from L. rhinocerotis (LRPs) and the structural features of LRPs are closely related to the used methods of extraction and purification. Many studies have confirmed that LRPs possess various remarkable bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and intestinal mucosa protective effect. As a natural polysaccharide, LRP has the potential to be a drug and functional material. This paper systematically reviews the recent studies on structural characteristics, modification, rheological properties and bioactivities of LRPs, and provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the structure-activity relationship, and utilization of LRPs as therapeutic agents and functional foods. Additionally, the further research and development of LRPs are also prospected. [Display omitted] • Different extraction and purification methods of LRPs are reviewed and compared. • Structure, modification and rheological properties of LRPs are summarized. • Multiple biological activities and molecular mechanisms of LRPs are outlined. • The structure-activity relationship of LRPs is discussed. • Future direction of research and development of LRP is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]