Graphene derivatives-based electrodes for the electrochemical determination of carbamate pesticides in food products: A review.

Graphene (GR) composites have great potential for the determination of carbamates pesticides (CPs) by electrochemical methods. Since the beginning of the 20th century, GR has shown remarkable promise as electrode material for various sensors. The contamination of food products with harmful CPs is a major problem as they do not always damage human health immediately, but can be harmful after prolonged exposure. A range of advantages can be gained from their electrochemical determination, such as high sensitivity, reasonably selectivity, rapid detection, low limit of detection, and easy electrode fabrication. Furthermore, these electrochemical techniques are robust, reproducible, user-friendly, and conform to both "green" and "white" analytical chemistry. This review is focused on results published in the last ten years in the field of electrochemical determination of CPs in food products using GR and its derivatives. [Display omitted] • Graphene-based electrochemical detection of carbamate pesticides in food is reviewed. • Characterization of graphene and its derivatives using instrumental methods is discussed. • Analytical characteristics of carbamate pesticides determination by electrochemical methods are discussed. • Graphene electrodes modified by enzymes, nanoparticles, and polymers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]