El creciente peso de los sobrecargos del FMI: una estimación actualizada.

This research estimates the weight of surcharges that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) expects to levy on middle-income borrowing countries during the 2023-2033 period. The evidence indicates that surcharges do not achieve their alleged objective of encouraging early debt repayment; rather, they increase debt burdens for those middle-income borrowers facing the most acute balance of payment problems, while the IMF profits from these crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]