Enhancing solid waste management sustainability with cubic <italic>m</italic>-polar fuzzy cosine similarity.

As the volume of waste generated by human activities continues to rise, the need for effective and sustainable solid waste management methods becomes increasingly important. Traditional approaches, such as landfilling and incineration, can have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Waste management sustainability research can benefit from the use of cosine similarity, a mathematical technique that measures the similarity between two vectors. To address this issue, innovative approaches, such as the use of cubic <italic>m</italic>-polar fuzzy cosine similarity measures (CmPF), are being explored. In this scenario, the membership grade (MG) is represented by a fuzzy interval, while the non-membership grade (NMG) is stated by a fuzzy number. An <italic>m</italic>-polar fuzzy set (mPFS) allots m different numbers of MGs to each of the possibilities that assist compensate for the universal set. A CmPF similarity can deal directly with single and multipolar data in an environment that is cubical. There are numerous distinct uses for similarity measures (SMs) in a range of domains. As a result, three unique cosine similarity metrics for CmPFSs are shown in each SM. These measurements utilize the cosine angle between two vectors, a unique distance measure and the cosine function. Additionally, a TOPSIS technique based on cosine SMs has been developed for application in multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) situations. An example of selecting a solid waste recycling technique is offered to demonstrate how effective the MCGDM approach to waste management can be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]