Real-world effectiveness of ceftazidime/avibactam versus polymyxin B in treating patients with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) and polymyxin B are the last resort for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) infections in some countries, but data comparing the effectiveness of the two antibiotics are limited. • CAZ/AVI therapy was associated with treatment success among patients with CRGNB infection, but did not improve 28-day in-hospital survival compared with polymyxin B. • CRGNB patients with a Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 5 and APACHE II score ≥ 15 had poor a prognosis. To compare the effectiveness of ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) and polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) infections in western China. The medical records of patients with CRGNB infections in this hospital from 2018–2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The data included demographic characteristics, laboratory results, antibiotic strategies and clinical outcomes. A total of 378 patients with CRGNB infections were enrolled, including 112 patients in the CAZ/AVI group and 266 patients in the polymyxin B group. The most common pathogen was carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (44.44%). The rates of treatment failure at 28 days (65.04% vs. 45.54%; P = 0.000) and 28-day in-hospital mortality (20.30% vs. 9.82%; P = 0.014) in the polymyxin B group were higher than those in the CAZ/AVI group. Multivariable analysis revealed that multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (OR 2.730; P = 0.017), acute renal failure (OR 2.595; P = 0.020), higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (OR 1.184; P = 0.011) and Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ scores (OR 1.149; P = 0.000) were independent risk factors for treatment failure, whereas CAZ/AVI therapy (OR 0.333; P = 0.002) had a protective effect. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that CCI ≥ 5 and APACHE II score ≥ 15 were associated with a higher 28-day in-hospital mortality rate (P < 0.001). CAZ/AVI therapy was associated with treatment success among patients with CRGNB infection. However, CAZ/AVI therapy did not improve 28-day in-hospital survival compared with polymyxin B. The CCI ≥ 5 and APACHE II score ≥ 15 affected 28-day in-hospital mortality of CRGNB-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]