Changes in tropospheric ozone over India: Variability, long-term trends and climate forcing.

At higher concentrations, tropospheric ozone can cause respiratory difficulties, premature human mortality and can harm vegetation by reducing photosynthesis and its growth. It is an oxidant and also an important greenhouse gas with positive feedback to temperature. It is produced as a byproduct of chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NO x) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight, rather than being emitted directly to the atmosphere. Here, we analyse the seasonal and inter-annual variability, long-term trends and radiative forcing of the tropospheric column ozone (TPO) in India for the period of 2005–2020 using satellite and ground-based data. The analysis shows very high annual averaged TPO in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and North West India, about 45–50 DU. Our findings reveal a significant increase of TPO in India, with the highest trend in the peninsular region (0.295 ± 0.0617 DU/year) and the lowest in North West (0.179 ± 0.048 DU/year). The increase in tropospheric ozone reveals a warming of about 0.5 °C in the troposphere as there is an associated radiative forcing of about 0.2–0.5 W/m2 at the tropopause (125 hPa); indicating that the increasing tropospheric ozone is a great concern for regional warming, public health and ecosystem dynamics. [Display omitted] • High concentrations of tropospheric ozone are found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. • All regions show increasing ozone with the highest trends in the Peninsular India. • Highest seasonal trends are found during monsoon in all regions (0.3–0.5 DU/year). • Tropospheric ozone alone contributes to a radiative forcing of 0.2–0.5 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]