Modernism, Geopolitics, Globalization.

In this article, the author presents his views on modernism, geopolitics, and globalization. Globalization, although frequently hailed as a recent phenomenon, has been a long historical process. Political scientist David Held traces the development of globalization from the Roman and Mongol empires; sociologist Roland Robertson begins his schematization in the fifteenth century. To pursue a cultural discourse of globalization, however, we need first to distinguish between "globalization" and "geopolitics." Today geopolitics can be used broadly to refer to any locational approach to political issues, but historically the term was introduced with the specific connotation of location as territorially framed. Geopolitik was coined in 1899 by the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén, for whom it signified a Darwinian model of state power dependent on territorial growth: stronger organisms survive by displacing the weaker. Kjellén's theories were a major influence in the developing ideology of Nazi Germany, but the geopolitical model is generally taken to be the dominant paradigm in the West until the end of the Cold War.