Usage of accurate GCPs in 3D-modeling for urban planning.

This paper reviews the different aspects of using Ground Control Points (GCPs), which took from satellite positioning systems and combined GNSS systems in the creation of urban 3D modeling and aerial photogrammetry for urban planning and development, as well as shows the significance of accurate GCPs in aerial imagery and 3D modeling. The methods of GCPs acquisition and the accuracy qualification of each technique investigate the impact of the number and distribution pattern of GCPs in geo-referencing of DSM, representing accurate raw material for urban planning. The results of root mean square error for different GCPs distribution are used to show the difference between various aspects of the impact of GCPs on the precision of the photogrammetric models. Results of previous related research analysis and introduced to show the effect of each aspect on the precision of 3D models implemented by the researchers in terms of the root mean square error that was presented in the results, concluding that both the number and distribution pattern of the GCPs in a specific 3D model affects its precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]