Assessment of check dams and afforestation in mitigating debris flows based on dendrogeomorphic reconstructions, field surveys and semi-empirical models.

• Even though check dams are full, they still control the debris flows. • The new model can quantitatively evaluate debris flow mitigation effect. • The check dams and afforestation play different roles in different stages. Check dams and afforestation are two common measures for debris-flow mitigation; however, there is a lack of methods allowing quantitative evaluation of check dam and afforestation effects on debris flow motion and deposition. Laogan Gully is an active debris-flow system with a large landslide on the right hillslope, currently representing the main source of debris flows in the catchment. Several debris flows have occurred since 1985 which led to the construction of check dams and the plantation of silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) trees between 1991 and 1993. These measures significantly reduced the volume of debris flows reaching downstream portions of the system. At the same time, large amounts of sediment were trapped on the gully bed and thereby increased the base level of the torrent, which again tended to stabilize the large landslide on the right hillslope. This paper analyzes sedimentation of debris-flow material on the gully bed and on the fan using 12 trial pits behind the check dams and 6 incised geological sections on the fan. The timing and extent of debris flow motion and deposition was reconstructed using scars and growth suppression events in the annual growth ring series of 306 Acacia trees trapped in the newly formed deposits. The gravitational potential energy of the sediment of the large landslide is calculated according to the change in the erosion base level behind the check dams. On the basis of these results, we constructed a semi-empirical vegetation coverage–landslide energy–debris flow volume model to quantitatively evaluate the effects of the check dams and afforestation on debris-flow mitigation. The model exhibited predictive capabilities for estimating the volume of debris flow generated by the reactivation of landslides. Check dams are found to play a major role in debris-flow mitigation in the early stages, whereas the Acacia trees play an increasingly important role once the check dams are filled. The partial resurgence of the landslide caused a sudden increase in the gravitational potential energy of the sediment source, which in turn affected the effectiveness of the debris-flow mitigation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]