Divergent soil health responses to long-term inorganic and organic fertilization management on subtropical upland red soil in China.

[Display omitted] • Infertile red soil benefited from 23 years of organic and inorganic fertilization. • Applying pig manure had overwhelmingly positive effects on soil fertility. • Use of pig manure fertilizer increased contamination risk for Cu, Zn, and Cd. • Micronutrients properly added to fertilizers further enhance overall soil health. • The comprehensive assessment revealed the development trends of soil health. To optimize soil health, land use, and soil management decisions need to be guided by an understanding of the underlying soil health. Although widely used fertilizers guarantee crop production, they ultimately damage agricultural soil environmental quality and threaten the overall food chain safety. Thus, an integrative assessment considering both environmental safety and soil fertility is required for the sustainable development of long-term fertilization systems. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of soil health using 20 soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators and assessed them according to four heavy metals—copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. This experiment was conducted in an area where there is an ongoing, 23-year-long fertilization experiment in a typical red soil region of southern China, including four treatments of common inorganic chemical fertilizer (CF), CF mixed with micronutrients (CF + T), CF mixed with pig manure (PM), and PM mixed with micronutrients (PM + T). To assess the soil fertility quality, we selected a minimum data set consisting of soil water-stable aggregates mean weight diameter, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and dehydrogenase activity. The results revealed that soil fertility quality followed the order of PM + T ≈ PM > CF + T > CF. We also used a modified potential ecological risk index to assess the soil environmental quality. This approach considered the acid-soluble and exchangeable fraction of heavy metals as the bioavailability component. Both PM and PM + T treated soils were significantly contaminated by heavy metals, with particularly large amounts of Cd contamination. The soil health index escalated from CF, CF + T, PM to PM + T, which indicated that the use of pig manure allowed for more fertile soil relative to standard chemical fertilization. Moreover, applying additional micronutrients also had a significant influence on soil fertility. Therefore, our study revealed that long-term fertilization using organic pig manure was beneficial to overall soil fertility; however, these benefits were coupled with significant limitations regarding heavy metal contamination. Collectively, this study provides a better supporting method for soil health management and long-term fertilization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]