Evolutions of synergistic binding between konjac glucomannan and xanthan with high pyruvate group content induced by monovalent and divalent cation concentration.

• Adding NaCl or CaCl 2 eliminated the type-B binding. • The presence of NaCl enhanced the type-A synergistic binding. • Type-A binding was improved by low concentration of CaCl 2. • Addition of excessive CaCl 2 reduced the type-A binding. Synergistic interaction gels could be formed by synergistic type-A and type-B bindings between konjac glucomannan (KGM) and xanthan during cooling. Adding salt ions significantly altered those bindings and thus the gel-related properties. The results showed that adding NaCl or CaCl 2 eliminated type-B binding due to an electrostatic shielding effect. Adding NaCl or CaCl 2 (3 and 6 mM) enhanced type-A binding by neutralizing the negative charge of COOH and reducing the electrostatic repulsion among xanthan chains, as evidenced by an increase in the onset temperature of exotherm peak, the formation of more parallel multiple filaments, and an increase in aggregation structures (>1.0 nm) and gel hardness. When CaCl 2 concentration was higher, Ca2+ bridged side-chain clusters into more complex structures, which would hardly participate in the formation of helical structures and weaken type-A binding. The results obtained are beneficial for the rational design and preparation of KGM/xanthan gels with synergistic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]