A comprehensive structural study of copper-nickel alloys after recrystallization annealing.

The microstructure of commercial copper-nickel alloys was studied by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The structure of the alloys was evaluated by determining the grain size and hardness values (Hµav). It was shown that manganin is characterized by a large variation in grain size. EDX analysis showed that the elemental composition of each of the alloys corresponds to the manufacturer's certificate. All research methods proved to agree and complement each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]