Tuning Ferroelectric Properties of Barium Titanate by Lateral Strain: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

BaTiO3 (BT), a lead‐free ferroelectric material, is employed in energy‐conversion devices, including actuators and capacitors. However, its ferroelectric properties, such as the piezoelectric coefficient and Curie temperature, fall short of those of harmful lead‐based ferroelectrics, such as Pb(Zr<italic>x</italic>, Ti1−<italic>x</italic>)O3. In this study, a BT crystal is examined under biaxial strain (i.e., strain in the <italic>a</italic>‐ and <italic>b</italic>‐directions of the unit cell) to investigate the alterations in its ferroelectric properties. The piezoelectric coefficient, Curie temperature, polarization magnitude, and coercive electric field are calculated under varying biaxial strains using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations utilize a core–shell‐type interatomic potential developed from first‐principles electronic structure calculations. In the findings, it is revealed that 1) the Curie temperature, polarization magnitude, and coercive electric field increase, whereas the piezoelectric coefficient in the <italic>c</italic>‐direction decreases under biaxial compression; 2) modifications in the ferroelectric properties depend on the area of <italic>ab</italic>‐plane and not on its aspect ratio. Comprehensive analyses of the Ti‐displacement distribution offer microscopic insights into strain‐induced shifts in ferroelectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]