Application of 3D- printed hydrogels in wound healing and regenerative medicine.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks with hydrophilic properties. The modifiable properties of hydrogels and the structure resembling living tissue allow their versatile application. Therefore, increasing attention is focused on the use of hydrogels as bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering. Bioprinting involves the fabrication of complex structures from several types of materials, cells, and bioactive compounds. Stem cells (SC), such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are frequently employed in 3D constructs. SCs have desirable biological properties such as the ability to differentiate into various types of tissue and high proliferative capacity. Encapsulating SCs in 3D hydrogel constructs enhances their reparative abilities and improves the likelihood of reaching target tissues. In addition, created constructs can simulate the tissue environment and mimic biological signals. Importantly, the immunogenicity of scaffolds is minimized through the use of patient-specific cells and the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the employed biopolymers. Regenerative medicine is taking advantage of the aforementioned capabilities in regenerating various tissues- muscle, bones, nerves, heart, skin, and cartilage. [Display omitted] • Natural and synthetic hydrogels are widely used in 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine. • Mesenchymal stromal cells are a good source for cell-based therapies in tissue engineering. • During the development of the ideal bioink, it is crucial to find a balance between printability and good cell viability. • In regenerative medicine, there is a huge clinical need for personalized therapies utilizing 3D bioprinting. • Challenges e.g. high costs, lack of legal regulations must be overcome before 3D bioprinting will be widely used the clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]