1D-2D mathematical modeling of wave refraction and wave attenuation by mangrove forests.

This paper presents a theoretical and numerical analysis based on a model of mangrove forests incorporating stems and roots to determine the nearshore wave angle and wave height for one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) problems. The shallow water equations are solved using the two-step Lax-Wendroff method. The resulting wave height and wave direction vectors are displayed and analyzed to assess the impact of mangrove effects on various bathymetries, including constant, sloping, and parabolic profiles. This procedure is also applied to actual bathymetric data obtained from the Hatiya channel to analyze the influence of mangrove forests and shoreline geometry on the amplitude and wave directionality of nearshore waves. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that both coastal geometry and vegetation exhibit non-linear characteristics in wave behavior. Furthermore, these factors significantly contribute to the directionality and attenuation of nearshore waves. • Mangrove models studied for nearshore wave angle and height via theoretical and numerical methods. • Wave vectors explore mangrove impact on various bathymetries: constant, sloping, parabolic, real. • Numerical results show nonlinear wave behavior due to coastal geometry and vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]