Allelopathic effects of three lichen secondary metabolites on cultures of aposymbiotically grown lichen photobionts and free-living alga Scenedesmus quadricauda.

• Lichens produce more than one thousand of unique secondary metabolites. • These substances posse many biological and ecological roles, including allelopathy. • Lichen metabolites may act as phytotoxic substances, causing oxidative stress in photobiont cells. • Presence of evernic acid and usnic acid decrease content of ascorbic acid and glutathione. • Lichen compounds change composition of phenolic compounds in algal partner of symbiosis. In the present work, we studied the influence of lichen secondary metabolites (evernic acid, orcinol, usnic acid) on selected species of algae: Trebouxia erici , photobiont of lichen Cladonia cristatella producing typical lichen secondary metabolites, Coccomyxa solorinae-saccatae , photobiont of lichen Solorina saccata which does not produce typical secondary metabolites of lichens, and free-living alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. For the determination of the cytotoxic effects of these compounds, algae were cultivated on the surface of disks composed of glass microfibers, in quantities of 0.1 mg/disk for each metabolite. After 14-day s prolonged cultivation, we analysed selected physiological parameters: growth of algae, chlorophyll a fluorescence, the content of ascorbic acid, content of reduced and oxidized glutathione and contents of selected organic acids. The presence of secondary compounds typically inhibited the growth of tested algae and chlorophyll a fluorescence. In the presence of evernic acid and usnic acid, we observed a decrease of ascorbic acid, glutathione, and significant changes in the composition of organic acids. Lichen metabolites, except for their other biological and ecological roles, may act as phytotoxic substances, causing oxidative stress in photobiont cells. These metabolites may play an important role in the "controlled parasitism" of fungal partner on algal/cyanobacterial partner of symbiosis. Differences in the sensitivity of algal cells from different habitats to lichen compounds are, however, not understood sufficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]