Assessing the grid impact of Electric Vehicles, Heat Pumps & PV generation in Dutch LV distribution grids.

Low Carbon Technologies (LCTs), such as Photovoltaics (PVs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), and Heat Pumps (HPs), are expected to cause a huge electric load in future distribution grids. This paper investigates the grid impact in terms of over-loading and nodal voltage deviations in different distribution grids due to increasing LCT penetrations. The major objectives are the identification of the most severe LCT, grid impact issue, seasonal effect, and vulnerable distributional area, considering the physical models of the LCTs. It is concluded that Winter is the most hazardous for the future grid impact, characterized by nearly 3 times higher over-loading and 2.5 times higher voltage deviations during high HP penetrations, while suburban areas are the most vulnerable. Moreover, while HPs seem to have, in general, a greater impact compared to EVs, EVs cause more prolonged violations. While this work follows a bottom-up approach, using detailed physical models, aggregated national data has also been acquired, which is often used by top-down approaches. Different grid impact issues have been compared for the two approaches in terms of magnitude and duration. While bottom-up approaches generate more pessimistic results regarding the magnitude of the violations, results about the duration of the violations can be contradictory. • Transformer Overloading: a highly critical grid impact issue in LV distribution grids. • HPs provoke more violations compared to EVs, but EVs cause more prolonged violations. • Violations magnitude increase more than duration from light- to heavier-loaded grids. • EVs consumption is more well combined with PV generation than HP consumption. • Bottom-up approaches: Violations of higher magnitude but not always higher duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]