Associations between older adults' going-out frequency and land price of neighbourhoods: Potency of land price as an indicator of homebound tendency.

• The tendency of homebound is one of the biggest concerns for older adults' health. • Supportive environments for going out have received less attention than walkable environments. • This study focuses on the relations between older adults' going-out frequency and land price. • Older adults' going-out frequency has negative relations with land price of neighbourhoods. • Positive relations of neighbourhood factors might be underestimated without land price. The aim of this study is to identify the potency of land price as a general indicator of the homebound tendency of neighbourhoods. For this purpose, we focus on the associations between land price and older adults' going-out frequency, while considering the similarities and differences from factors associated with walkability. The study targets are 19,270 individuals living in the Tokyo metropolitan area who are aged 65 years or older who are not certified as needing public long-term care insurance. This study uses a two-step procedure: a) the land price of each neighbourhood is estimated using rent price data from 2010 to 2019 collected by an official Japanese realtor organization; b) the associations between older adults' goingout frequency, according to the 2016 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, and the estimated land price of their neighbourhoods is identified using multilevel analysis. The results indicate that land price has strong negative associations with older adults' going-out frequency. Associations between land price or other walkability-associated factors, such as population density, ratio of commercial area, and proximity to the nearest train station, only appear when these factors and land price are included within the same model. The results suggest that, when inspecting homebound tendency in some neighbourhoods, factors relating to the built environment must be considered alongside land prices. Furthermore, the homebound status of older adults is a pressing challenge, especially in neighbourhoods with high land prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]