Unraveling the mechanisms of cadmium toxicity in horticultural plants: Implications for plant health.

• Cadmium (Cd) toxicity significantly hindered horticultural plant growth and development. • Phytohormones mitigate Cd toxicity in plants. • Phytohormones regulate antioxidant defense system in plants. • Phytohormones upregulate secondary metabolites production in plants. Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal (HM) that poses significant threats to the growth and development of horticultural plants. The accumulation of Cd in plants can occur through root uptake or foliar absorption, leading to disturbances in various physiological and biochemical functions. Cd toxicity manifests in horticultural plants through several symptoms, including inhibited growth, chlorosis, necrosis, impaired photosynthesis, and disruptions in nutrient uptake and metabolism. Cd toxicity disrupt crucial metabolic function in plants including oxidative damage, DNA damage, and altering antioxidant enzyme activity. To mitigate the toxic effects of Cd in horticultural plants, a comprehensive approach is required. This approach encompasses various strategies, including effective management practices, utilization of phytohormones and traditional plant growth regulators, and the cultivation of Cd-tolerant cultivars. Implementing these measures has demonstrated promising outcomes in reducing Cd toxicity in horticultural plants. This review sheds light on the potential roles of different stress mitigants in alleviating Cd toxicity in horticultural plants. By employing these strategies, researchers and practitioners can contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient horticultural systems, ensuring the health and productivity of plants in the presence of Cd contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]