Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives: The aims of this study are to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation for improving disorders of consciousness and to compare efficacy of the different etiologies of disorders of consciousness. Design: Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials examining effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The sample characteristics, etiology, transcranial direct current stimulation treatment characteristics, and outcomes were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan software. Results: We included nine trials providing data with 331 participants and found that transcranial direct current stimulation improved the Coma Recovery Scale--Revised score of disorders of consciousness patients. We found a significant improvement of Coma Recovery Scale--Revised score in the minimally conscious state group (weighted mean difference = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.30--1.23, P = 0.001), but not in the vegetative state or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome group. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation are related to etiology, as the Coma Recovery Scale--Revised score was improved in the traumatic brain injury group (weighted mean difference = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 0.60--1.75, P < 0.001), but not in vascular accident and anoxia groups. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed the evidence for positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on disorders of consciousness without adverse effects observed inminimally conscious state patients. In particular, transcranial direct current stimulation may be an effective treatment in rehabilitating cognitive functions in people with traumatic brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]