Numerical and experimental investigations on shape optimization of submerged floating tunnels with a discrete adjoint method.

The shape of the tube in submerged floating tunnels (SFTs) plays a critical role in determining their performance and safety in marine environments. In this study, a gradient optimization procedure based on the discrete adjoint method is performed to minimize the drag force under uniform currents action. The free form deformation approach is employed to parameterize the design variables. The physical mechanisms of the optimization process are revealed via unsteady numerical simulations and experimental tests. Moreover, the hydrodynamic performance of the tube with the optimal shapes subjected to a wave–current combination is also evaluated. The results show that the drag coefficient is significantly reduced through optimization by reducing the pressure amplitude in the negative-pressure area. Additionally, the lift oscillation is also suppressed to delay structural fatigue, owing to the strength reduction and increased distance of the wake vortex. The experimental analysis indicates the advantage of the optimal shape in reducing the loads under wave–current actions, accompanied by changes in the frequency distribution of the force and vortex structure. The elliptical shape of the SFT's tube provides significant advantages in drag reduction at high Reynold number. Suggestions on the shape design of the section of SFT are given according to different types of constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]