Competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization of CaCO3 during water softening.

• Homogeneous and heterogeneous CaCO 3 precipitation were distinguished using magnetite as seeds. • Increasing SI preferentially promoted heterogeneous crystallization at low SI, but homogeneous at high SI. • High seed dosage and small seed particle size facilitate heterogeneous crystallization. • Heterogeneous nuclei adhered to seed surfaces, exhibiting better settleability than homogeneous ones. Homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization of CaCO 3 simultaneously occur in seed-induced crystallization during water softening, while suppressing homogeneous crystallization is necessary due to the production of fine particulates that poorly precipitate. However, homogeneous crystallization is difficult to distinguish from heterogeneous crystallization. Consequently, a central focus in improving water softening is understanding their competing activities. In this study, a novel method for distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous calcium carbonate crystallization is described that utilizes magnetite as seed particles. Results showed that saturation index (SI) was the primary driver of both homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallizations. Heterogeneous crystallization was preferentially promoted at low SI, while homogeneous crystallization was promoted at high SI. The highest suppression effect to homogeneous crystallization occurred at SI of about 1.01. Seed dosage and mean particle size were the primary parameters related to the competition of the crystallization types. Higher seed dosage and smaller seed particle sizes promoted heterogeneous crystallization and suppressed homogeneous crystallization. Due to the good adaptability of heterogeneous crystallization at low SI, the absorption of CO 2 from the air into the solutions also improved the efficiency of hardness removal. The introduction of seed particles did not change crystalline product phases, with calcite being the only observed phase and possessing rhombohedral forms with highly regular and smooth edges. Water softening pilot test results showed that SI of 1.5 was more favorite for CaCO 3 layer formation on seed surface and hardness removal in comparison with SI of 1.0 and 2.0. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate that the introduction of seed particles is a promising approach to suppress the homogeneous crystallization of CaCO 3. Moreover, these results can serve as a framework for improved seed-induced crystallization during water softening. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]