Aqueous batteries: from laboratory to market.

The article discusses the limitations of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the growing interest in aqueous batteries as a sustainable alternative. Aqueous batteries are attractive due to their low cost and high safety, but their energy density and cycling performance need improvement for industrial applications. The optimization of electrode materials and electrolytes is a focus of research in aqueous batteries. The article also explores the voltage matching principle, different types of electrochemical reactions, and measures to enhance the energy density of aqueous batteries. The nature of the electrolyte and practical considerations for aqueous batteries are also discussed. While current aqueous batteries have met the demand for energy storage systems to some extent, further development in electrode and electrolyte engineering is expected to make next-generation aqueous batteries commercially viable. [Extracted from the article]