Chlorination for all solid-state zinc-graphite battery: Investigate into the charge-discharge mechanism of zinc electrodes and sodium silicate electrolyte.

• The batteries in this study can be assembled in ambient air and can be packaged easily. • Powder surface area increases by activating with HCl, demonstrating high capacity. • This study synthesizes a unique structure Simonkolleite. • The battery exhibits excellent electrical performance and cyclic stability. Zn solid-state batteries offer a novel and environmentally friendly energy storage solution with excellent safety features. This study explores the material characteristics and electrochemical mechanisms of the Zn anode and sodium silicate solid electrolyte powder after HCl chlorination. Results reveal the formation of Zn chloride hydroxide monohydrate (Zn 5 OH 8 Cl 2 ⋅H 2 O, known as Simonkolleite) in the zinc anode post HCl treatment. The compound's layered structure enhances ion transport. The sodium silicate electrolyte exhibits increased surface area after HCl treatment. In engineering applications, a solid-state battery assembled with Simonkolleite anode, electrolyte (HB), and graphite film (GF) cathode demonstrates a high capacity (>5000 mAh/g) in the first discharging cycle and impressive stability over 30–100 cycles, highlighting its promising potential for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]