Intra-arterial chemotherapy plus BCG, a promising combination adjuvant treatment for high-risk NMIBC.

• IAC+BCG increases high-risk NMIBC patients' recurrence-free survival. • High-risk NMIBC patients have better progression-free survival with IAC+BCG. • The adverse effects of IAC are generally modest, scoring one to two. • The side effects of BCG therapy were not noticeably exacerbated by IAC. To develop a novel combination therapy for high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), namely, intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) plus BCG immunotherapy, and to compare the feasibility and safety of the 2 therapies. A retrospective study was conducted on the data of 119 patients who were diagnosed with high-risk NMIBC and underwent TURBT in the past 5 years. Those who did not complete the treatment were excluded, and the remaining 98 patients were divided into 2 groups: both groups received intravesical BCG immunotherapy, while the BCG+IAC group received 4 courses of extra intra-arterial chemotherapy. Clinical and follow-up data were processed using statistical software. The recurrence rate was 22.2% in the BCG+IAC group and 35.8% in the BCG group, whereas the progression rates were 8.9% and 24.5%, respectively. In the Kaplan-Meier plot, a statistically significant difference was observed with respect to recurrence-free survival (p = 0.025), as well as the progression-free survival of the two groups was similar (p = 0.019). A total of 22.2% of the patients with adverse effects of IAC and 79.6% of patients suffered from adverse reactions to BCG immunotherapy, and most of the adverse effects were mild and tolerable. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that multifocal and treatment were independent risk factors for recurrence, while the history of recurrence and treatment were independent risk factors for progression. IAC could be a promising auxiliary treatment for BCG immunotherapy in decreasing the recurrence and progression rate of high-risk NMIBC with little additional toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]